Which of the following is NOT one of the four elements of "decisive action" operations?

The concept of "decisive action" in military operations comprises three primary elements: offense, defense, and stability operations. These elements represent a comprehensive approach to achieve a desired end state, addressing the need to strike at enemy forces (offense), protect friendly forces and assets (defense), and establish a secure environment for governance and development (stability).

Cooperation, while an essential aspect of military operations and often a critical part of joint and multinational operations, is not categorized as one of the core elements of decisive action. Instead, cooperation may be viewed as a supporting principle that enhances the effectiveness of the main elements but does not stand alone in defining the framework of decisive action. Understanding this distinction clarifies why cooperation is not included among the foundational elements—it's more a means of achieving effectiveness within the context of offense, defense, and stability.